{"Abbreviation":["Mustard gas"],"Absorption, Distribution and Excretion":"It has been demonstrated that 80% of sulfur mustard applied to the skin evaporates, 10% remains in the skin and 10% gets absorbed systemically. It can penetrate the skin by contact with either the liquid or vapor. The rate of penetration is proportional to dose, temperature and humidity.","Adverse Effects":"Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.","Aliases":["Sulfur Mustard","Mustard gas","Sulfur mustard","Yperite","Senfgas","Iprit","Lost","Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide","Schwefel-lost","Yellow cross liquid","Mustard, sulfur","Distilled mustard","S-Lost","Gelbkreuz","Kampstoff lost","Mustard vapor","S-yperite","Agent hd","S Mustard","Yellow cross gas","Mustard HD","Sulfur mustard gas","Psoriasin","Sulphur mustard","Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulphide","1,1'-Thiobis(2-chloroethane)","Agent THD","Di-2-chloroethyl sulfide","Sulphur mustard gas","Bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide","2,2'-Dichloroethyl sulfide","Sulfide, bis(2-chloroethyl)","2,2'-Dichlorodiethyl sulfide","Di-2-chloroethyl sulphide","dichlorodiethylsulfide","Bis(β-chloroethyl)sulfide","Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulphide","2,2'-Dichloroethyl sulphide","Bis(β-chloroethyl)sulphide","Bis(β-chloroethyl) sulfide","CCRIS 570","2,2'-Dichlorodiethyl sulphide","β,β'-Dichloroethyl sulfide","β,β-Dichlor-ethyl-sulphide","Diethyl sulfide, 2,2'-dichloro","β,β'-Dichloroethyl sulphide","bis-(2-chloroethyl)sulfide","1-Chloro-2-[(2-chloroethyl)sulfanyl]ethane","1-Chloro-2-(β-chloroethylthio)ethane","Mustardgas","Chebi:25434","Gas, Mustard","1-chloro-2-((2-chloroethyl)sulfanyl)ethane","Sulfide, Dichlorodiethyl","Di 2 chloroethyl Sulfide","Ethane, 1,1'-thiobis(2-chloro)-","Sulfide, Di-2-chloroethyl","Sulfur mustard hd","Dtxcid8017100","684-527-7","Ethane, 1,1'-thiobis(2-chloro-","bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfane","Ethane, 1,1'-thiobis[2-chloro-","1-chloro-2-[(2-chloroethyl)thio]ethane","Mustard","HSDB 336","Brn 1733595","Dichloroethyl sulfide","S Lost","2-chloroethylsulphide","Dichlorodiethylsulphide","Kampfstoff ''lost''","Di(2-chloroethyl) sulfide","Schembl43809","bis-(2-chloro-ethyl)-sulfane","Chembl455341","β,β'-dichlorodiethyl sulfide","β-Chloroethylisobutyl sulfide","β,β-Dichloroethyl sulfide","Dichlorodiethylsulfide","Akos006275641","1-chloro-2-(2-chloro-ethylsulfanyl)-ethane","NS00022252","1-Chloro-2-[(2-chloroethyl)sulfanyl]ethane #","C19164"],"Associated Disorders and Diseases":"Lung cancer [Category: Cancer, Occupational]","Biological Half-Life":"...in the rat, following a 6-hour cutaneous exposure to radiolabeled sulfur mustard with occlusion, the urinary excretion of radiolabel had a half-life of 1.4 days; the half-life of excretion in feces, which varied slightly with dose, was approximately 1.6 days. Most of the radioactivity was found in the urine. Most of the dose was eliminated by 3 days; however, measurable urinary excretion of radiolabel continued for \u003e3 months.","Boiling Point":"419 to 423 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)","CAS":"505-60-2","Chemical Classes":"Toxic Gases \u0026 Vapors -\u003e Chemical Weapons","ChemicalClasses":["thioether"],"Chirality":"achiral","Color/Form":"Colorless, oily liquid when pure","DTXSID":"0037100","Decomposition":"In pure aqueous media, most sulfur mustard is hydrolyzed to thiodiglycol and hydrochloric acid.","Density":"1.274 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e","Erowid Experience Reports":[],"Esters":[],"European Community (EC) Number":"684-527-7","Flash Point":"221 °F (EPA, 1998)","Formating":[],"HMDB ID":"HMDB0254958","HeavyAtomCount":7,"Human Toxicity Values":"1,500 mg·min/cu m is estimated median lethal Ct (LCt50).","IUPACName":"1-chloro-2-(2-chloroethylsulfanyl)ethane","InChI":"InChI=1S/C4H8Cl2S/c5-1-3-7-4-2-6/h1-4H2","InChIKey":"QKSKPIVNLNLAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N","Interactions":"Sulfur mustard (SM) has been used as a vesicant chemical warfare agent. To investigate the respiratory damages it causes, /the authors/ studied the effects on guinea pigs of an intratracheal injection of 0.3 mg/kg of SM 5 hr and 14 days after injection. Five hours after SM intoxication, respiratory system resistance and microvascular permeability were increased. These alterations were not prevented by pretreatment with 50 mg/kg sc of capsaicin 2 wk before SM intoxication. Histological studies showed columnar cell shedding all along the tracheal epithelium, bronchoconstriction, and peribronchial edema. Fourteen days after SM intoxication, guinea pigs demonstrated airway hyperreactivity to aerosolized substance P and histamine. Pretreatment with phosphoramidon caused a further increase in airway responsiveness to substance P. Neutral endopeptidase activity in the tracheal epithelium was decreased by twofold in SM-intoxicated guinea pigs. At this stage, the tracheal epithelium was disorganized and atrophic. These results demonstrate that in guinea pigs SM intoxication induces severe lesions to the tracheal epithelium, which might account for the airway hyperresponsiveness observed 14 days after intoxication.","MeSH Headers":[{"Id":"M0014271","Link":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/M0014271.html","Name":"Mustard Gas","Ref":56},{"Id":"DescTree","Link":"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html","Name":"MeSH Tree","Ref":58},{"Id":"PubMed from MeSH","Link":"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html","Name":null,"Ref":78},{"Id":"M0004009","Link":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/M0004009.html","Name":"Chemical Warfare Agents","Ref":79},{"Id":"M0006057","Link":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/M0006057.html","Name":"Dermatologic Agents","Ref":80}],"MeSH Pharmacological Classification":[{"Id":"M0004009","Link":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/M0004009.html","Name":"Chemical Warfare Agent","Ref":79},{"Id":"M0006057","Link":"https://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/M0006057.html","Name":"Dermatologic Agent","Ref":80}],"Mechanism of Action":"Low-dose exposure of alkylating mustard gas causes long-term respiratory complications characterized by bronchitis and lung fibrosis. In this study, we utilized a mouse model for lung exposure of the nitrogen mustard melphalan, in order to define early and late events in the pathogenesis such as expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, recruitment of inflammatory cells to airways and late-phase fibrosis. /The authors/ investigated the roles of different T lymphocyte subsets on the inflammatory response by using knockout mice lacking either the genes expressing T cell receptor (TCR)-alpha beta or TCR-gamma delta, and compared the responsiveness with that of wild type mice and double knockout mice completely deficient in T cells. Exposure to melphalan induced an early burst of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6 and IL-23 in airways, followed by extensive infiltration of neutrophils in the lung tissue and airways within 24hr. The acute phase was followed by a sustained lymphocytic response that persisted for at least 14 days with resulting lung fibrosis. Engagement of T lymphocytes, particularly the gamma delta T cell subset, was crucial both for the acute cytokine and neutrophil response and for the late-phase lung fibrosis as indicated by the lack of response in gamma delta T cell deficient mice. /The/ data demonstrate that T lymphocytes play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of long-term lung injuries caused by strong alkylating agents.","Melting Point":"55 to 57 °F (EPA, 1998)","Metabolism/Metabolites":"The metabolism of sulfur mustard has not been studied extensively. Sulfur mustard tends to undergo intramolecular cyclization to create a hyperactive compound. Conversion to this derivative is facilitated in aqueous solution, which accounts for the sensitivity of mucosal tissues, such as the eye, to its action. Sulfur mustard cyclic intermediates react with and alkylate electron-rich molecular structures, such as the sulfhydryl (-SH) and amino (-NH2) groups of proteins and nucleic acids. Metabolic pathways, including direct alkylation reactions, glutathione reactions, hydrolysis, and oxidation, are presumed based on the finding of sulfur mustard DNA adducts in tissues and the identification of urinary products. ... Thiodiglycol was also found in the urine of people exposed to airborne sulfur mustard during the Iran-Iraq. A sulfur mustard adduct in DNA, the 2'-deoxyguanosine derivative of N7-HETE-guanine, N7-(2-hydroxyethylthioethyl)-2'deoxyguanosine, as well as albumin- and hemoglobin-sulfur mustard adducts, have been detected in the blood of two sulfur mustard poisoning victims of the Iran-Iraq War. ....","MolecularFormula":"C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eS","MolecularWeight":"159.08 g/mol","Non-Human Toxicity Values":"LC50 Rat inhalation 100 mg/cu m for 10 minutes","Odor":"Weak, sweet, agreeable odor","Physical Description":"Mustard gas appears as a chemical warfare blister agent. Mustard gas is a clear amber colored oily liquid with a faint odor of mustard/garlic. It is not readily combustible. Its vapors are heavier than air, are very toxic, and can be absorbed through the skin. The effects from exposure to the material include blindness which may be delayed. Prolonged exposure of the container to fire or intense heat may cause it to violently rupture and rocket. Mustard gas is also known as dichlorodiethyl sulfide.","PubChemId":10461,"PubChemTitle":"Sulfur Mustard","Records":{"UNII":{"Impurities":[]}},"Reddit Experience Reports":[],"RefChem":"568713","RefCount":3,"RefCur":"","References":[{"Name":"Wikipedia","Urls":[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_gas","Name":"Dichlorodiethyl sulfide","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"Wikidata","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81166","Name":"Dichlorodiethyl sulfide","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"PubChem","Urls":[{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10461","Name":"Dichlorodiethyl sulfide","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"Common Chemistry","Urls":[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=505-60-2","Name":"Dichlorodiethyl sulfide","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"HMDB","Urls":[{"Link":"https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0254958","Name":"Dichlorodiethyl sulfide","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"KEGG","Urls":[{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C19164","Name":"Dichlorodiethyl sulfide","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"UNII","Urls":[{"Link":"https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/ui/substances/T8KEC9FH9P","Name":"Dichlorodiethyl sulfide","Sub":false}]},{"Name":"EPA DSSTox","Urls":[{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID0037100","Name":"Dichlorodiethyl sulfide","Sub":false}]}],"Refs":["National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Summary for CID 10461, Dichlorodiethyl sulfide. Accessed August 24, 2026. \u003ca href=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10461\u003ehttps://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/10461\u003c/a\u003e","U.S. Food and Drug Administration; National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences. Dichlorodiethyl sulfide. UNII: T8KEC9FH9P. Global Substance Registration System. Accessed August 24, 2026. \u003ca href=https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/T8KEC9FH9P\u003ehttps://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/T8KEC9FH9P\u003c/a\u003e"],"Reported Fatal Dose":"Deaths have occurred immediately following exposure in the battlefield, most likely due to acute chemical-induced pulmonary edema. Deaths, which occurred in 1 to 3% of the soldiers exposed during World War I, were largely due to secondary respiratory infections. Battlefield air concentrations of sulfur mustard vapor during attacks in World War I were estimated in the range 19 to 33 mg/cu m.","SMILES":"C(CCl)SCCCl","SaltData":[],"Salts":[],"Solubility":"In water, 609 mg/L at 25 °C","Stability/Shelf Life":"HYDROLYZED IN AQ SOLN (HALF-LIFE: 5 MIN AT 37 °C)","StereoisomerData":[],"Stereoisomers":[],"Structure":"\u003csvg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\" style=\"display:block\" viewBox=\"0 0 89.315 14.044\"\u003e\u003crect width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" fill=\"#fff\"/\u003e\u003cdesc\u003eGenerated by the Chemistry Development Kit (http://github.com/cdk)\u003c/desc\u003e\u003cg fill=\"#1ff01f\" stroke=\"#000\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\".8\"\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M0 0h90v15H0z\"/\u003e\u003cg class=\"mol\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m58.71 3.272 13.198 7.62M71.908 10.892l9.797-5.657M58.71 3.272 48.506 9.163M42.367 9.076 32.314 3.272M32.314 3.272l-13.199 7.62M19.115 10.892 7.609 4.249\" class=\"bond\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"none\" d=\"M87.122 1.155v.715q-.34-.322-.727-.477-.387-.16-.821-.16-.857 0-1.316.524-.452.523-.452 1.518 0 .988.452 1.512.459.524 1.316.524.434 0 .821-.155.387-.161.727-.476v.702q-.358.244-.756.363-.393.119-.834.119-1.137 0-1.792-.69-.649-.697-.649-1.899 0-1.209.649-1.899.655-.697 1.792-.697.447 0 .839.119.399.119.751.357m1.02-.595h.613v5.209h-.613z\" class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#c6c62c\" stroke=\"none\" d=\"M46.973 8.555v.661q-.387-.185-.732-.274-.339-.095-.655-.095-.553 0-.857.214-.298.214-.298.613 0 .328.197.5.202.167.756.274l.411.083q.756.143 1.113.507.363.363.363.97 0 .726-.488 1.101t-1.429.375q-.351 0-.756-.083-.399-.077-.828-.232v-.697q.417.232.81.351.393.114.774.114.583 0 .893-.227.315-.226.315-.649 0-.369-.226-.577-.22-.208-.738-.31l-.411-.083q-.756-.149-1.095-.47-.339-.322-.339-.893 0-.667.464-1.048.47-.381 1.292-.381.351 0 .714.066.363.059.75.19\" class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"none\" d=\"M4.59 1.262v.715q-.339-.322-.726-.476-.387-.161-.822-.161-.857 0-1.315.524-.453.524-.453 1.518 0 .988.453 1.512.458.524 1.315.524.435 0 .822-.155.387-.161.726-.476v.702q-.357.244-.756.363-.393.119-.833.119-1.137 0-1.792-.69Q.56 4.584.56 3.382q0-1.209.649-1.899.655-.697 1.792-.697.446 0 .839.119.399.119.75.357M5.61.667h.614v5.209H5.61z\" class=\"atom\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#1ff01f\" d=\"m81.705 5.235-4.899 2.828\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#c6c62c\" d=\"m48.506 9.163 5.102-2.945M42.367 9.076 37.34 6.174\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003cpath stroke=\"#1ff01f\" d=\"m7.609 4.249 5.753 3.321\" class=\"hi\"/\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/g\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e","Therapeutic Uses":"//EXPL THER// Mustard gas was tested as an anticancer agent, but its clinical use was not successful because of its high toxicity...","Title":"Dichlorodiethyl sulfide","Toxicity Data":"LCLo (human) = 23 ppm/10min","UNII":"T8KEC9FH9P","Wikidata":"Q81166","Wikipedia":"Mustard_gas","XLogP":2.1}